Russia has supplied North Korea with over a million barrels of oil since March 2024, a significant breach of UN sanctions, according to new satellite imagery analysis from the UK-based Open Source Centre. The oil is believed to be exchanged for weapons and troops sent by Pyongyang to support Russia’s war in Ukraine, experts and UK officials say.
The satellite images, shared exclusively with the BBC, show North Korean oil tankers making 43 trips to Russia’s Far East oil terminal over the past eight months. The tankers, often seen arriving empty and departing full, have been tracked by the Open Source Centre, which estimates that the transfers have provided North Korea with more than double the UN-imposed annual oil cap of 500,000 barrels. The cap, intended to limit North Korea’s fuel supply to prevent further development of its nuclear program, has been consistently violated by Russia.
The first documented oil transfer occurred on March 7, 2024, following reports that North Korea had been supplying weapons to Russia. These shipments have continued amid reports that thousands of North Korean troops are being deployed to fight alongside Russian forces, with the most recent transfer recorded in early November.
Experts, including Joe Byrne from the Open Source Centre, emphasize that these illicit oil shipments offer North Korea a much-needed lifeline, stabilizing the country’s economy. “This steady flow of oil gives North Korea a level of stability it hasn’t had since sanctions were introduced,” Byrne says. Hugh Griffiths, a former UN sanctions panel leader, argues that these transfers are “fueling Putin’s war machine”—a trade of oil for missiles, artillery, and soldiers.
North Korea, the only country in the world banned from buying oil on the open market, relies heavily on illicit oil to meet its needs. The country consumes around nine million barrels of refined petroleum annually, far exceeding the 500,000 barrels allowed under UN sanctions. Historically, it has resorted to risky ship-to-ship transfers to obtain fuel, but the recent direct oil shipments from Russia offer a more reliable and possibly free source of oil.
While Russia has not responded to requests for comment, the continued oil transfers and growing military ties between Moscow and Pyongyang suggest a significant shift in global dynamics. The United Nations, however, faces mounting challenges in enforcing sanctions, particularly after Russia’s veto in March 2024 led to the disbandment of the UN sanctions panel monitoring North Korean violations.
These developments raise concerns about the increasing cooperation between Russia and North Korea, with both regimes seemingly ignoring international law. Experts warn that this alliance could have dangerous implications, including the potential sharing of military technology that could further destabilize the global security landscape. As tensions rise, officials in South Korea and the US are closely monitoring the situation, with some experts fearing that North Korea’s increasing leverage could lead to even more dangerous military collaborations.